【目的】针对厂家光伏逆变器模型多以黑盒动态库形式提供、内部控制结构难以直接获取，以及大规模光伏场站详细电磁暂态(EMT)模型规模大、仿真效率低的问题，提出一种基于厂家黑盒模型测试数据的光伏机组EMT建模方法和基于集电线路损耗一致原则的光伏场站等值建模方法，为光伏场站并网暂态特性分析和大电网仿真计算提供模型基础。【方法】首先，将厂家黑盒模型接入仿真测试系统，在不同有功出力水平和不同电压扰动幅值下开展故障穿越测试，采集机端电压、电流、有功功率、无功功率以及d、q轴电流等响应数据，分析故障发生、故障持续和故障恢复阶段的动态变化规律。然后，构建PSModel逆变器模型的待辨识参数集合，涵盖主电路参数、正常运行控制参数、故障穿越阈值、电流限幅参数、无功电流支撑系数和时间判据等，并采用“特征量提取—分阶段辨识—仿真迭代修正”的参数整定流程，引入归一化误差和综合误差目标函数，评价PSModel模型与厂家黑盒模型之间的偏差。在完成机组级模型校核后，基于中国电力科学研究院自主研制的PSModel平台，建立安徽某100 MW光伏场站详细EMT模型；进一步依据实际集电网络拓扑，依据有功损耗一致原则对带支路干式、干式和放射式集电线路进行等值变换，得到光伏场站等值模型。最后，考虑到不同负载率、故障类型及电压扰动幅值组合较多，选取典型运行工况开展详细模型与等值模型的对比验证；同时，为避免仅依靠有功功率曲线评价等值效果的局限性，进一步选取35 kV母线侧电压、电流、有功功率、无功功率和无功电流作为评价量，采用分区间平均偏差、最大偏差和加权平均总偏差进行量化分析。【结果】所建立的光伏机组模型能够有效复现不同厂家模型在故障穿越期间的有功、无功动态响应特性；光伏场站详细模型与等值模型在故障发生、故障持续及故障恢复阶段的35 kV母线侧有功功率变化趋势基本一致。多工况误差统计结果表明，所选对称和不对称扰动场景下，电压、电流、有功功率、无功功率及无功电流等评价量的分区间误差和加权平均总偏差均低于GB/T32892—2026规定的允许限值。【结论】所提方法能够在厂家控制细节不完全公开的条件下构建适用于工程仿真的光伏机组EMT模型，并能够在降低场站模型规模和提高仿真效率的同时保持35 kV母线侧端口动态外特性，为后续开展光伏场站并网安全稳定影响分析提供了有效的建模手段。

[Objective] To address the problems that photovoltaic inverter models provided by manufacturers are mostly delivered as black-box dynamic libraries with inaccessible internal control structures, and that detailed electromagnetic transient (EMT) models for large-scale photovoltaic power stations suffer from large model size and low simulation efficiency, this paper proposes an EMT modeling method for photovoltaic units based on test data of manufacturer-supplied black-box models, as well as an equivalent modeling method for photovoltaic power stations following the principle of consistent collection-line losses. It provides a model foundation for the transient characteristic analysis of grid-connected photovoltaic power stations and large-grid simulation calculations. [Methods] First, the manufacturer black-box model was connected to the simulation test system, and fault ride-through tests were carried out under different active power output levels and voltage disturbance amplitudes. The response data including terminal voltage, current, active power, reactive power, d- and q-axis currents, were collected to analyze the dynamic variation laws during fault occurrence, fault duration and fault recovery. Then, the parameter set to be identified for the PSModel inverter model was constructed, including main circuit parameters, normal-operation control parameters, fault ride-through thresholds, current limiting parameters, reactive current support coefficients and time criteria. A parameter tuning process of “feature extraction—staged identification—simulation iterative correction” was adopted, and the normalized error and comprehensive error objective function were introduced to evaluate the deviation between the PSModel model and the manufacturer black-box model. After the unit-level model verification was completed, a detailed EMT model of a 100 MW photovoltaic power station in Anhui province was established based on the PSModel platform independently developed by China Electric Power Research Institute. Furthermore, according to the actual collector network topology, the collector-line structures, including branch-trunk, trunk and radial structures, were equivalently transformed under the principle of active power loss consistency, and the photovoltaic power station equivalent model was formed. Finally, considering the many combinations of load rates, fault types and voltage disturbance amplitudes, representative operating conditions were selected for comparative verification between the detailed model and the equivalent model. Meanwhile, to avoid the limitation of evaluating the equivalent effect only by active power curves, the voltage, current, active power, reactive power and reactive current at the 35 kV bus were further selected as evaluation variables. The sectional average deviation, maximum deviation and weighted average total deviation were used for quantitative analysis. [Results] The established photovoltaic unit model effectively reproduced the active and reactive power dynamic response characteristics of different manufacturer models during fault ride-through. The detailed model and equivalent model of the photovoltaic power station showed basically consistent active power variation trends at the 35 kV bus during fault occurrence, fault duration and fault recovery. The multi-condition error statistics showed that, under the selected symmetrical and asymmetrical disturbance scenarios, the sectional errors and weighted average total deviations of voltage, current, active power, reactive power and reactive current were all lower than the allowable limits specified in GB/T32892—2026. [Conclusion] The proposed method can construct a photovoltaic unit EMT model suitable for engineering simulation when manufacturer control details cannot be fully disclosed. It can also reduce the scale of the photovoltaic power station model and improve simulation efficiency while maintaining the dynamic port characteristics at the 35 kV bus, providing an effective modeling approach for subsequent analysis of the grid-connection security and stability influence of photovoltaic power stations.

南方电网科研院科技项目(0002200000039389)