The traditional speed sensorless vector control algorithm cannot meet the high-speed operation of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). In order to solve this problem, a vector control scheme based on model reference adaptive system (MRAS) is designed. The control scheme is composed of an I/F controller and a MRAS. The I/F controller is used to control the motor at low speed and the MRAS is used to control the motor at high speed. After special treatment, the current in the switching process is smoothly transited to realize the normal operation at high and low speeds. The magnetic levitation PMSM is used as the driving object, and the rotor of the motor is connected with the fan to realize loading. The test results show that, compared with the traditional speed sensorless vector control, the proposed control scheme drives the PMSM to meet the high-speed operation conditions more effectively.