With the diversified development of electromagnetic launch system (EMLS) application scenarios, a single energy storage device cannot simultaneously meet the high-power-density and high-energy-density energy storage requirements during the launch of different types of loads. The energy storage requirements of EMLS under short-term intermittent operation mode are analyzed, and the current research status and existing defects of EMLS energy storage technology are introduced. On this basis, the key technologies such as energy storage device selection, parallel structure design, capacity configuration, and real-time control that need to be overcome for the application of “lithium battery-supercapacitor” hybrid energy storage to EMLS are discussed and summarized. The future research and development direction of electromagnetic launch hybrid energy storage technology is provided.