Energy storage is a promising large-scale technology that effectively addresses the mismatch between energy supply and demand, while also optimizing the energy structure. A comprehensive review of recent advancements in material systems, preparation technologies, and performance characteristics of thermal storage technologies is provided, specifically focusing on chemical thermal storage, sensible thermal storage, and latent thermal storage. The composition, structure, preparation processes, performance characteristics, challenges, application prospects, and future development trends of varions thermal storage meterials are analyzed and discussed. Among these materials, in the process of phase change, the absorption or release of latent heat of phase change for energy storage and release of phase change heat storage stands out due to its significant advantages, including high energy density, ease of reaction control, and exceptional safety and reliability. Moreover, the paper explores further research progress in the realm of phase change energy storage, enhanced heat transfer technology for heat storage systems, and potential applications in different fields.