To address the issue of large speed fluctuations caused by sudden load changes in the speed control system of permanent magnet synchronous motor, this paper proposed a novel model?free control scheme for the speed loop based on fractional-order extended sliding mode disturbance observer (FOESMDO). The new algorithm improved the dynamic and static performances of the speed control system by establishing a new ultra-local model for the permanent magnet synchronous motor, which did not rely on motor parameters. With this model as the research object, a new model-free sliding mode control scheme was designed using fast terminal sliding mode control and an improved sliding mode switching function. To enhance the accuracy of disturbance estimation and reduce the chattering phenomenon in sliding mode control, the improved algorithm employed a FOESMDO for online estimation of unknown parts in the ultra-local structure. Finally, simulation comparison was made between the proposed fast terminal sliding mode control method with a new switching function based on FOESMDO and traditional methods, which verified the superior performance of the new model-free control algorithm (FOESMDO-ISFFTSMC) in improving the response speed and anti-interference property of the speed control system.