[Objective] To address the issues of low control precision, slow convergence, and strong chattering in permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) under rapid acceleration/deceleration and load changes, this paper proposes a fractional-order dynamic boundary layer super-twisting sliding mode active disturbance rejection control (FO-DBL-STSM-ADRC) strategy. [Methods] Firstly, the ADRC was integrated with the STSMC algorithm to enhance adaptability under complex operating conditions. Next, a novel DBL sliding mode surface was designed, which dynamically adjusted the boundary layer structure to improve the system’s dynamic response speed and load disturbance rejection capability. Then, fractional-order calculus was introduced to effectively suppress the inherent high-frequency chattering of traditional sliding mode control, significantly enhancing the system’s ability to inhibit steady-state errors and chattering. Finally, the superiority and robustness of the proposed FO-DBL-STSM-ADRC strategy were verified through simulation and experiment under various complex operating conditions. [Results] The simulation and experiment results showed that, compared to the other three strategies, the proposed FO-DBL-STSM-ADRC strategy demonstrated significant advantages in terms of response speed, steady-state control precision, load disturbance rejection capability, and overall system robustness. [Conclusion] The proposed FO-DBL-STSM-ADRC strategy not only provides an effective solution for the high-performance operation of PMSM, but also offers technical support for demanding engineering applications such as electric vehicle drives and rail transit door control systems.