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Volume 49,Issue 2,2022 Table of Contents
2022, 49(2):1-7,19.
DOI: 10.12177/emca.2021.193
Abstract:
It is difficult to estimate the low-speed starting position of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) when there is no speed sensor in the full speed range. Aiming at the problem, a control method combining constant current frequency conversion (I/F) and extended Kalman filter (EKF) is presented. At low speed, the constant current variable frequency ratio is adopted for starting. At medium and high speed, the extended Kalman filter is switched to estimate the position and speed. In order to solve the problem of unstable switching process, the self-balancing characteristics of motor torque and power angle is used. In the switching process, the angle difference given by the two control methods is used as the feedback input signal to reduce the given current before switching. When the angle difference is close to zero, the given current and position are switched, so that the given current and given position remain basically unchanged before and after switching. Finally, the feasibility of this method is verified by simulation.
It is difficult to estimate the low-speed starting position of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) when there is no speed sensor in the full speed range. Aiming at the problem, a control method combining constant current frequency conversion (I/F) and extended Kalman filter (EKF) is presented. At low speed, the constant current variable frequency ratio is adopted for starting. At medium and high speed, the extended Kalman filter is switched to estimate the position and speed. In order to solve the problem of unstable switching process, the self-balancing characteristics of motor torque and power angle is used. In the switching process, the angle difference given by the two control methods is used as the feedback input signal to reduce the given current before switching. When the angle difference is close to zero, the given current and position are switched, so that the given current and given position remain basically unchanged before and after switching. Finally, the feasibility of this method is verified by simulation.
2022, 49(2):8-13.
DOI: 10.12177/emca.2021.186
Abstract:
In order to further suppress the instability of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) speed regulation system, a new exponential reaching law is designed based on the traditional law. A new function with sliding surface s as variable is added to the constant velocity term of the traditional exponential reaching law. At the same time, the traditional symbolic function is optimized and the curve is smoothed. The existence and the accessibility of the improved reaching law are proved. Then the improved law is applied to constructing the sliding mode speed controller and building a systematic Simulink simulation model. The simulation result is compared with that of PI control and the traditional exponential reaching law method. It is shown that the improved reaching law can reduce chattering and improve anti-interference performance, with more remarkable effect than the other two methods in all aspects.
In order to further suppress the instability of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) speed regulation system, a new exponential reaching law is designed based on the traditional law. A new function with sliding surface s as variable is added to the constant velocity term of the traditional exponential reaching law. At the same time, the traditional symbolic function is optimized and the curve is smoothed. The existence and the accessibility of the improved reaching law are proved. Then the improved law is applied to constructing the sliding mode speed controller and building a systematic Simulink simulation model. The simulation result is compared with that of PI control and the traditional exponential reaching law method. It is shown that the improved reaching law can reduce chattering and improve anti-interference performance, with more remarkable effect than the other two methods in all aspects.
2022, 49(2):14-19.
DOI: 10.12177/emca.2021.142
Abstract:
Simulation models of model predictive torque control (MPTC), model predictive torque deadbeat control (MPTC-DB) and deadbeat model predictive torque control (DB-MPTC) for induction motor are established. Simulation results under the control of three schemes are compared. The results show that, compared with the MPTC, the MPTC-DB can decrease the root mean squared error (RMSE) of torque ripple by 26.92%. Compared with the MPTC-DB, the DB-MPTC can decrease the RMSE of torque ripple by 66.93% and the RMSE of stator flux by 43.37%, which is an optimal strategy.
Simulation models of model predictive torque control (MPTC), model predictive torque deadbeat control (MPTC-DB) and deadbeat model predictive torque control (DB-MPTC) for induction motor are established. Simulation results under the control of three schemes are compared. The results show that, compared with the MPTC, the MPTC-DB can decrease the root mean squared error (RMSE) of torque ripple by 26.92%. Compared with the MPTC-DB, the DB-MPTC can decrease the RMSE of torque ripple by 66.93% and the RMSE of stator flux by 43.37%, which is an optimal strategy.
2022, 49(2):20-24.
DOI: 10.12177/emca.2021.190
Abstract:
Sensorless control can reduce the cost of permanent magnet motor and improve the reliability of the system. Because the inductance and other parameters of permanent magnet motor change with the operating conditions, the accurate identification of motor parameters has a positive significance to improve the control accuracy of motor. Based on the mathematical model of permanent magnet motor, the parameters of motor inductance are identified by artificial neural network, and then the rotor angle is observed by sliding mode observer (SMO) to realize the sensorless vector control of permanent magnet motor. Using TI′s TMS320F28379d DSP as the control chip, a motor control circuit is built to verify the above control strategy. The results show that the control strategy can accurately identify the motor parameters in real time, as well as improve the control precision and performance.
Sensorless control can reduce the cost of permanent magnet motor and improve the reliability of the system. Because the inductance and other parameters of permanent magnet motor change with the operating conditions, the accurate identification of motor parameters has a positive significance to improve the control accuracy of motor. Based on the mathematical model of permanent magnet motor, the parameters of motor inductance are identified by artificial neural network, and then the rotor angle is observed by sliding mode observer (SMO) to realize the sensorless vector control of permanent magnet motor. Using TI′s TMS320F28379d DSP as the control chip, a motor control circuit is built to verify the above control strategy. The results show that the control strategy can accurately identify the motor parameters in real time, as well as improve the control precision and performance.
2022, 49(2):25-30.
DOI: 10.12177/emca.2021.172
Abstract:
By analyzing the mathematical model of asymmetric single-phase induction motor (SPIM) in different forms, the problems of oval magnetic field and asymmetric operation of SPIM are solved. The rotor flux is calculated by a voltage-current hybrid model rotor flux observer, and the rotor flux position and rotor speed are further calculated. Based on the three-leg inverter, the simulation of speed sensorless vector control of SPIM with rotor-field orientation is carried out, the feasibility and effectiveness of the control system are verified.
By analyzing the mathematical model of asymmetric single-phase induction motor (SPIM) in different forms, the problems of oval magnetic field and asymmetric operation of SPIM are solved. The rotor flux is calculated by a voltage-current hybrid model rotor flux observer, and the rotor flux position and rotor speed are further calculated. Based on the three-leg inverter, the simulation of speed sensorless vector control of SPIM with rotor-field orientation is carried out, the feasibility and effectiveness of the control system are verified.
2022, 49(2):31-40.
DOI: 10.12177/emca.2021.191
Abstract:
Aiming at the practical engineering problem of high torque ripple of low speed high torque motorized spindle motor, the performance of different slot number combination of the motor is analyzed and compared to accurately select the motor scheme with better performance. The convergence speed of transient field in finite element simulation of induction motor is slow, and a long simulation period is needed when comparing multiple schemes. Aiming at these problems, the joint simulation of time harmonic field and transient field is proposed to realize the rapid optimization design of the motor. Two-dimensional electromagnetic finite element simulation is carried out for a 12-pole, 7.5 kW motorized spindle induction motor with three different slot number combinations of 3, 2.5 and 2 slots per pole per phase, and the electromagnetic properties of the motor under the rated conditions such as iron loss, winding copper loss, rotor aluminum loss, efficiency, power factor and torque ripple are compared. The results show that increasing the number of rotor bars can lead to better electromagnetic performances, especially a low level of torque ripple. Finally, a prototype with 90 stator slots and 106 rotor slots is made, and the performance of the prototype, as well as the accuracy of the joint simulation of time harmonic field and transient field, is verified by experiments.
Aiming at the practical engineering problem of high torque ripple of low speed high torque motorized spindle motor, the performance of different slot number combination of the motor is analyzed and compared to accurately select the motor scheme with better performance. The convergence speed of transient field in finite element simulation of induction motor is slow, and a long simulation period is needed when comparing multiple schemes. Aiming at these problems, the joint simulation of time harmonic field and transient field is proposed to realize the rapid optimization design of the motor. Two-dimensional electromagnetic finite element simulation is carried out for a 12-pole, 7.5 kW motorized spindle induction motor with three different slot number combinations of 3, 2.5 and 2 slots per pole per phase, and the electromagnetic properties of the motor under the rated conditions such as iron loss, winding copper loss, rotor aluminum loss, efficiency, power factor and torque ripple are compared. The results show that increasing the number of rotor bars can lead to better electromagnetic performances, especially a low level of torque ripple. Finally, a prototype with 90 stator slots and 106 rotor slots is made, and the performance of the prototype, as well as the accuracy of the joint simulation of time harmonic field and transient field, is verified by experiments.
2022, 49(2):41-46.
DOI: 10.12177/emca.2021.179
Abstract:
The working environment temperature of the submersible linear motor changes with the depth of the stratum, and the temperature difference between the end and the middle of the motor secondary is large. In order to reduce the influence of temperature variation on motor thrust, increase motor thrust and reduce thrust ripple, the structural parameters of the motor are optimized. The thrust difference under different temperatures is used to measure the influence of temperature variation on motor thrust. The electromagnetic model of the motor is established by using the finite element analysis software Magnet, and the effects of various parameters on the motor thrust, thrust ripple and thrust difference at different temperatures are analyzed, and the numerical ranges of the optimized parameters are determined. Then, the mathematical models of thrust and thrust ripple at 100 ℃ and 220 ℃ are constructed respectively by response surface method. Taking the absolute value of the difference of thrust functions at 100 ℃ and 220 ℃ as the mathematical model of thrust difference, the optimal parameter combination of motor is obtained by multi-objective genetic algorithm. Finally, the finite element simulation analysis of the optimized motor verifies the effectiveness of the optimization scheme.
The working environment temperature of the submersible linear motor changes with the depth of the stratum, and the temperature difference between the end and the middle of the motor secondary is large. In order to reduce the influence of temperature variation on motor thrust, increase motor thrust and reduce thrust ripple, the structural parameters of the motor are optimized. The thrust difference under different temperatures is used to measure the influence of temperature variation on motor thrust. The electromagnetic model of the motor is established by using the finite element analysis software Magnet, and the effects of various parameters on the motor thrust, thrust ripple and thrust difference at different temperatures are analyzed, and the numerical ranges of the optimized parameters are determined. Then, the mathematical models of thrust and thrust ripple at 100 ℃ and 220 ℃ are constructed respectively by response surface method. Taking the absolute value of the difference of thrust functions at 100 ℃ and 220 ℃ as the mathematical model of thrust difference, the optimal parameter combination of motor is obtained by multi-objective genetic algorithm. Finally, the finite element simulation analysis of the optimized motor verifies the effectiveness of the optimization scheme.
2022, 49(2):47-53.
DOI: 10.12177/emca.2021.176
Abstract:
The permanent magnet brushless motor for deep-sea propulsion operates in the low-temperature and high-pressure sea, and the motor is filled with oil. Its heat sources and heat dissipation conditions are different from ordinary industrial motors. Accurate calculation of temperature rise of the propulsion motor has guiding significance for its high power density and lightweight design. Taking the main propulsion motor used on “Siyuan” full-ocean-depth autonomous remotely-operated vehicle (ARV) as an example, a three-dimensional steady-state flow field-temperature field simulation model including the ducted propeller, propulsion motor, internal oil and external water is built based on computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer theories. The influence of oil filling and propeller rotation on the motor temperature rise is studied, and the temperature distribution of its main components is analyzed. Finally, the effectiveness and accuracy of the simulation analysis are verified by the temperature rise experiment.
The permanent magnet brushless motor for deep-sea propulsion operates in the low-temperature and high-pressure sea, and the motor is filled with oil. Its heat sources and heat dissipation conditions are different from ordinary industrial motors. Accurate calculation of temperature rise of the propulsion motor has guiding significance for its high power density and lightweight design. Taking the main propulsion motor used on “Siyuan” full-ocean-depth autonomous remotely-operated vehicle (ARV) as an example, a three-dimensional steady-state flow field-temperature field simulation model including the ducted propeller, propulsion motor, internal oil and external water is built based on computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer theories. The influence of oil filling and propeller rotation on the motor temperature rise is studied, and the temperature distribution of its main components is analyzed. Finally, the effectiveness and accuracy of the simulation analysis are verified by the temperature rise experiment.
2022, 49(2):54-59，66.
DOI: 10.12177/emca.2021.170
Abstract:
Based on the fractional slot concentrated winding (FSCW) permanent magnet motor, the stator modular transformation is carried out, and four different stator modular structures are designed, including non-magnetic isolation type (T type, yoke separation type) and magnetic isolation type (E type, C type). At the same time, two new tooth tip structures in which winding teeth and non-winding teeth do not have tooth tips simultaneously are designed. The corresponding finite element motor model is established, and the effect of stator modularization and tooth tip structure on the performance of the FSCW permanent magnet motor is studied. The simulation results show that the suitable stator gap of the modular structure permanent magnet motor can reduce the cogging torque. The 12-slot 10-pole motor adopting the structure of winding teeth with tooth tips has better motor performance than the other structures.
Based on the fractional slot concentrated winding (FSCW) permanent magnet motor, the stator modular transformation is carried out, and four different stator modular structures are designed, including non-magnetic isolation type (T type, yoke separation type) and magnetic isolation type (E type, C type). At the same time, two new tooth tip structures in which winding teeth and non-winding teeth do not have tooth tips simultaneously are designed. The corresponding finite element motor model is established, and the effect of stator modularization and tooth tip structure on the performance of the FSCW permanent magnet motor is studied. The simulation results show that the suitable stator gap of the modular structure permanent magnet motor can reduce the cogging torque. The 12-slot 10-pole motor adopting the structure of winding teeth with tooth tips has better motor performance than the other structures.
2022, 49(2):60-66.
DOI: 10.12177/emca.2021.187
Abstract:
During the equipment-system joint commissioning test of the rod control power supply system product of a nuclear power plant, failure occurred in the rectifier: for the rectifier operated with a pure resistive load, when the load current increased to about 20% of the rated current, the rectifier reported “synchronous fault” and stopped output. Considering the timeliness, cost and other aspects of the actual project, a four-stage second-order band pass filter with 50 Hz center frequency is designed for the synchronous sampling loop of the rectifier without changing the input side capacity. Through theoretical derivation, software simulation, hardware design and field simulation experiment, the purpose of normal operation of the sampling loop is effectively realized when the input side capacity is relatively small.
During the equipment-system joint commissioning test of the rod control power supply system product of a nuclear power plant, failure occurred in the rectifier: for the rectifier operated with a pure resistive load, when the load current increased to about 20% of the rated current, the rectifier reported “synchronous fault” and stopped output. Considering the timeliness, cost and other aspects of the actual project, a four-stage second-order band pass filter with 50 Hz center frequency is designed for the synchronous sampling loop of the rectifier without changing the input side capacity. Through theoretical derivation, software simulation, hardware design and field simulation experiment, the purpose of normal operation of the sampling loop is effectively realized when the input side capacity is relatively small.
2022, 49(2):67-71，76.
DOI: 10.12177/emca.2021.189
Abstract:
Through building a secondary node application service platform for identification analysis of electric machinery manufacturing industry, the global unified coding of electric machinery products is realized, and each electric machinery can get a unique product identification for the identification and circulation of electric machinery products. In terms of electric machinery product identification application, through the combination of identification analysis technology and industrial data analysis, innovative application scenarios can be developed in the electric machinery industry, including product traceability, collaborative design, supply chain management and remote operation and maintenance. It will be used to create an Internet ecology and promote the development of digital economy in the electric machinery industry.
Through building a secondary node application service platform for identification analysis of electric machinery manufacturing industry, the global unified coding of electric machinery products is realized, and each electric machinery can get a unique product identification for the identification and circulation of electric machinery products. In terms of electric machinery product identification application, through the combination of identification analysis technology and industrial data analysis, innovative application scenarios can be developed in the electric machinery industry, including product traceability, collaborative design, supply chain management and remote operation and maintenance. It will be used to create an Internet ecology and promote the development of digital economy in the electric machinery industry.
2022, 49(2):72-76.
DOI: 10.12177/emca.2021.183
Abstract:
Motors are widely used in various fields of social production and life such as industry, agriculture and transportation. The popularization and application of high-efficiency motors will greatly improve the efficiency of power utilization in the whole society. We analyze the energy efficiency evaluation system of motor system based on the principle of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and select 20 typical enterprises to evaluate the energy efficiency of the motor systems. It is found that there is still much improvement room in the current energy efficiency level of motors, and high-efficiency motors should be widely promoted. Based on this, the promotion measures of high-efficiency motors are proposed, which can effectively promote the popularization and application of high-efficiency motors.
Motors are widely used in various fields of social production and life such as industry, agriculture and transportation. The popularization and application of high-efficiency motors will greatly improve the efficiency of power utilization in the whole society. We analyze the energy efficiency evaluation system of motor system based on the principle of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and select 20 typical enterprises to evaluate the energy efficiency of the motor systems. It is found that there is still much improvement room in the current energy efficiency level of motors, and high-efficiency motors should be widely promoted. Based on this, the promotion measures of high-efficiency motors are proposed, which can effectively promote the popularization and application of high-efficiency motors.
2022, 49(2):77-82.
DOI: 10.12177/emca.2021.169
Abstract:
When batteries are used in group, the states of charge (SOCs) and voltages are inconsistent between single batteries due to different manufacturing processes and working environments. In order to solve this problem, a battery equalization system based on coupled inductor double-layer Cuk chopper circuit is proposed, in which the coupled inductor is used instead of the uncoupled inductor. Compared with the traditional Cuk chopper circuit, it reduces the number of components, lowers the loss and improves the equalization efficiency. At the same time, the equalization system uses the N-channel MOSFET, which is controlled by a pair of complementary signals in synchronous trigger pulse PWM. Through the circuit theoretical analysis, a complete equalization circuit is designed. Finally, simulation is carried out in MATLAB/ Simulink. The results verify the efficiency of the equalization system.
When batteries are used in group, the states of charge (SOCs) and voltages are inconsistent between single batteries due to different manufacturing processes and working environments. In order to solve this problem, a battery equalization system based on coupled inductor double-layer Cuk chopper circuit is proposed, in which the coupled inductor is used instead of the uncoupled inductor. Compared with the traditional Cuk chopper circuit, it reduces the number of components, lowers the loss and improves the equalization efficiency. At the same time, the equalization system uses the N-channel MOSFET, which is controlled by a pair of complementary signals in synchronous trigger pulse PWM. Through the circuit theoretical analysis, a complete equalization circuit is designed. Finally, simulation is carried out in MATLAB/ Simulink. The results verify the efficiency of the equalization system.
2022, 49(2):83-89.
DOI: 10.12177/emca.2021.188
Abstract:
With the large-scale development of electric vehicles, the number of public charging piles in operation and the charging capacity are increasing year by year. However, there are many problems in the operation of charging pile, such as frequent failures, difficult operation and high maintenance costs, and traditional fault detection methods are inefficient. Therefore, a hybrid network prediction method of electric vehicle charging pile operation state based on convolution neural network (CNN) and long short term memory (LSTM) network is proposed, which can realize the comprehensive evaluation of the operation state of electric vehicle charging piles. In the feature data input stage, the key indicators of the operation state of the charging pile are analyzed, and the characteristic quantities of the influencing factors of the operation state are extracted through CNN. Then, the operation state of the charging pile is judged and predicted by LSTM, so as to realize the early warning of potential failures of the charging pile. The experimental results show that the method has high prediction accuracy and strong practicability. It can accurately reflect and predict the operation state of charging piles, and can be used in actual charging pile fault prediction and operation and maintenance.
With the large-scale development of electric vehicles, the number of public charging piles in operation and the charging capacity are increasing year by year. However, there are many problems in the operation of charging pile, such as frequent failures, difficult operation and high maintenance costs, and traditional fault detection methods are inefficient. Therefore, a hybrid network prediction method of electric vehicle charging pile operation state based on convolution neural network (CNN) and long short term memory (LSTM) network is proposed, which can realize the comprehensive evaluation of the operation state of electric vehicle charging piles. In the feature data input stage, the key indicators of the operation state of the charging pile are analyzed, and the characteristic quantities of the influencing factors of the operation state are extracted through CNN. Then, the operation state of the charging pile is judged and predicted by LSTM, so as to realize the early warning of potential failures of the charging pile. The experimental results show that the method has high prediction accuracy and strong practicability. It can accurately reflect and predict the operation state of charging piles, and can be used in actual charging pile fault prediction and operation and maintenance.
2022, 49(2):90-96.
DOI: 10.12177/emca.2021.184
Abstract:
An active disturbance rejection passivity-based control strategy based on three level T-type neutral point clamped (TNPC) active power filte (APF) is proposed, which effectively solves the problem of poor control performance of traditional APF control strategy. The Euler Lagrange (EL) model of TNPC-APF is established. Based on the passivity of the system, a passivity-based controller of the current inner loop is designed by using the method of injection damping, which ensures the stability of the system in theory. Active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) is used in the outer voltage loop to effectively improve the control ability of DC side voltage, alleviate the problem of overshoot, make the system have good dynamic and static performance, and maintain the stability of DC side voltage. Simulation and experimental results verify the feasibility and superiority of the proposed control strategy.
An active disturbance rejection passivity-based control strategy based on three level T-type neutral point clamped (TNPC) active power filte (APF) is proposed, which effectively solves the problem of poor control performance of traditional APF control strategy. The Euler Lagrange (EL) model of TNPC-APF is established. Based on the passivity of the system, a passivity-based controller of the current inner loop is designed by using the method of injection damping, which ensures the stability of the system in theory. Active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) is used in the outer voltage loop to effectively improve the control ability of DC side voltage, alleviate the problem of overshoot, make the system have good dynamic and static performance, and maintain the stability of DC side voltage. Simulation and experimental results verify the feasibility and superiority of the proposed control strategy.
2022, 49(2):97-103.
DOI: 10.12177/emca.2021.171
Abstract:
In order to reduce the switching frequency of railway power conditioner in the process of high power compensation, a hybrid cascade 81-level converter with low switching frequency is used as the voltage source and a single-phase H bridge converter with high switching frequency is used as the current source. The two voltage sources are connected back-to-back, and an 81-level railway power conditioner is proposed. Since the switching frequency of the switching devices that bear 85% of the compensation power in the system is 250 Hz and below, and the current sources with high switching frequency only bear 1% of the power, the system has small switching loss and good tracking performance for the compensation current reference signal. The basic structure of the system and its equivalent circuit is studied, the equivalent three-phase circuit is established by constructing the equivalent symmetrical three-phase voltage source, the active power average distribution method is used to make the system equivalent to Y-Y symmetrical three-phase circuit, so that the imbalance compensation is realized, and a new compensation current detection method is put forward. Simulation results show the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed system and its compensation method.
In order to reduce the switching frequency of railway power conditioner in the process of high power compensation, a hybrid cascade 81-level converter with low switching frequency is used as the voltage source and a single-phase H bridge converter with high switching frequency is used as the current source. The two voltage sources are connected back-to-back, and an 81-level railway power conditioner is proposed. Since the switching frequency of the switching devices that bear 85% of the compensation power in the system is 250 Hz and below, and the current sources with high switching frequency only bear 1% of the power, the system has small switching loss and good tracking performance for the compensation current reference signal. The basic structure of the system and its equivalent circuit is studied, the equivalent three-phase circuit is established by constructing the equivalent symmetrical three-phase voltage source, the active power average distribution method is used to make the system equivalent to Y-Y symmetrical three-phase circuit, so that the imbalance compensation is realized, and a new compensation current detection method is put forward. Simulation results show the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed system and its compensation method.
2022, 49(2):104-108.
DOI: 10.12177/emca.2021.175
Abstract:
An angle trajectory monitoring technology is studied using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and applied to the fault feature extraction and online diagnosis of the rotating rectifier of aero generator. Firstly, the excitation current signal of the AC exciter of the generator is continuously collected, and the interval between two sampling points is kept constant. Secondly, FFT processing is performed on the data collected to obtain fault characteristic information, and this process is completed in the sampling intervals. The fault characteristic information obtained by each processing can form a continuous change trajectory, and the fault of the rotating rectifier can be monitored and diagnosed online through studying the trajectory. Finally, the proposed method is verified by experiments.
An angle trajectory monitoring technology is studied using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and applied to the fault feature extraction and online diagnosis of the rotating rectifier of aero generator. Firstly, the excitation current signal of the AC exciter of the generator is continuously collected, and the interval between two sampling points is kept constant. Secondly, FFT processing is performed on the data collected to obtain fault characteristic information, and this process is completed in the sampling intervals. The fault characteristic information obtained by each processing can form a continuous change trajectory, and the fault of the rotating rectifier can be monitored and diagnosed online through studying the trajectory. Finally, the proposed method is verified by experiments.
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Electric Machines & Control Application ® 2025
Supported by:Beijing E-Tiller Technology Development Co., Ltd.
沪ICP备16038578号-3
Electric Machines & Control Application ® 2025
Supported by:Beijing E-Tiller Technology Development Co., Ltd.
