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      Electric Machines & Control Application (CN 31-1959/TM, ISSN 1673-6540) was founded in 1959 in title of Technical Information of Small and Medium-sized Electric Machines. The title was changed to Small and Medium-sized Electric Machines in 1977, and then changed to its current title in 2005. The journal is sponsored by Shanghai Electrical Apparatus Research Institute (Group) Co., Ltd., aims to publish cutting-edge achievements in various research fields related to the electrical science. The journal is a source journal of the Comprehensive Evaluation Database of Chinese Academic Journals, and the full text articles are included in Chinese Academic Journals (CD). It has been included in Chinese Core Journals and Key Magazine of China Technology for years. Recently, it has also been included in Japan Science and Technology Agency database (JST, Japan) and Abstract Journals (AJ, Russia). The impact factor is steadily increasing year by year. Electric Machines and Control Application is published on the 10th of each month and is publicly distributed domestically and internationally. The post issuing code is 4-199. More
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    Phase-Compounding Excitation System Design for Marine Brushless Synchronous Generator
    DING Jie, YANG Guorun, XIE Qinyuan, LIN Kewen
    2024,51(9):1-10, DOI: 10.12177/emca.2024.095
    [Abstract] (74) [HTML] (0) [PDF 570.42 K] (381)
    Abstract:
    This study focused on the brushless phase-compounding excitation synchronous generator for ships. First, the working principle and excitation characteristics of the generator were introduced, and the output current calculation formula for compound excitation was derived. Then, to address the issue of the generator’s regulation characteristics being unable to fully compensate for the excitation system’s output, an appropriate overcompensation coefficient for the excitation current was designed. The system stabilized the port voltage by coordinating with the unique working mechanism of the shunt resistor. Next, the calculation method for the main component parameters based on this design was provided, and a simulation model was established for verification under both steady-state and dynamic load conditions. Finally, a 25 kVA experimental prototype was manufactured based on the proposed design and the parameters of the existing machine. The test results showed that the designed controllable excitation system could adjust the excitation current by switching the shunt resistor, ensuring stable port voltage despite load fluctuations. A comparison of the calculation, simulation, and experimental results showed an error of less than 1%, confirming the validity of the derived formulas. The simulation error was less than 3.5%, demonstrating that the model effectively reflected both the steady-state and dynamic characteristics of the prototype, verifying the rationality of the overcompensation design.
    Coordinated Control Strategy for DC Microgrid Grid-Connected and Off-Grid
    QIAN Jiayu, ZHAO Hufu, LIU Wenquan, PAN Hao, JIA Haodong, JIA Limin
    2024,51(9):11-23, DOI: 10.12177/emca.2024.091
    [Abstract] (48) [HTML] (0) [PDF 749.95 K] (414)
    Abstract:
    Traditional coordinated control strategies for DC microgrid often overlook the dynamic changes in the power output boundaries of energy sources in droop control, which affects the system, and the mode switching control structure is complex, leading to non-smooth transitions. To address this issue, this paper proposed a unified grid-connected and off-grid coordinated control strategy for a solar-hydrogen-storage DC microgrid. First, a dynamic adaptive droop control strategy was proposed, which utilized the least squares method for data fitting to dynamically adjust the current boundaries, achieving adaptive regulation of the droop coefficient and power source operating state, thereby simplifying the traditional mode switching process and control structure. Second, in combination with practical engineering, an improved grid-connected and off-grid switching control strategy was proposed, which integrated pre-synchronization and outer-loop switching control, effectively reducing impact oscillations during the switching process. Finally, the adaptive droop control and improved smooth switching control were integrated into the proposed coordinated control strategy, and simulations of multi-source, multi-condition mode switching were conducted. The simulation results verified the effectiveness of the proposed coordinated control strategy.
    Research on Measurement Method for Relative Open-Circuit Potential Curves of Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes Based on a Pseudo Reference Electrode
    LI Boyan, JIN Feng, DONG Lei, ZHANG Ruisi, ZHAO Heming, ZHANG Yu
    2024,51(9):24-32, DOI: 10.12177/emca.2024.085
    [Abstract] (26) [HTML] (0) [PDF 470.20 K] (337)
    Abstract:
    A button cell test used to obtain the open-circuit potential (OCP) curves of lithium-ion battery electrodes requires destructive disassembly of the battery, and the battery is highly susceptible to contamination during the process. To address this issue, a method utilizing a pseudo-reference electrode to acquire the relative OCP curves of the electrodes of lithium-ion batteries was proposed. In this method, the lithium battery casing was used as a reference electrode, and the relative OCP between the electrode and the casing was directly measured through low-rate charge-discharge tests. The method was experimentally validated using commercial lithium titanate batteries, and the results showed that the root mean square error (RMSE) between the calculated and the actual measured battery voltages was only 4.2 mV. Moreover, the thermodynamic parameters identified from the same batch of batteries decreased as the battery capacity decayed. The experimental results confirm that the pseudo-reference electrode method can obtain reliable relative OCP curves without damaging the battery.
    Square-Wave Voltage Injection Startup Operation Control of IPMSM with Robust Position Observer
    SONG Jian’guo, CHEN Baoji, QIN Bo, Ren Ting
    2024,51(9):33-41, DOI: 10.12177/emca.2024.103
    [Abstract] (37) [HTML] (0) [PDF 554.42 K] (292)
    Abstract:
    To improve the low-speed performance of sensorless control for interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM), a square-wave voltage injection startup control strategy was proposed, utilizing a robust position observer. The square-wave voltage injection method avoided the use of filters, thereby increasing the system bandwidth. Based on the square-wave injection method, a robust rotor position observer was employed to enhance the system’s resistance to load disturbances. The feedback matrix parameters of the observer were designed using pole placement, taking into account practical step and ramp load disturbances as well as desired position observation error indices. Simulations and experiments verified the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed sensorless control strategy.
    Study on a Simplified Strategy for Model Predictive Torque Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors
    LI Yaohua, CHONG Guochen, GUO Weichao, GAO Sai, WANG Qinzheng, WANG Zichen, XU Zhixiong
    2024,51(9):42-50, DOI: 10.12177/emca.2024.087
    [Abstract] (47) [HTML] (0) [PDF 4.15 M] (307)
    Abstract:
    To address the issue of the heavy computational burden in traditional model predictive torque control (MPTC) for permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs), a simplified MPTC strategy was proposed. By analyzing the utilization rates of basic voltage vectors in different stator flux linkage sectors, voltage vectors with lower utilization rates were discarded, thereby reducing the number of candidate voltage vectors. Additionally, the utilization of the zero-voltage vector under different absolute values of torque error was analyzed. When the torque error was small, the zero-voltage vector was directly applied; when the torque error was large, the zero-voltage vector was discarded, reducing the maximum number of candidate voltage vectors to four. Furthermore, a flux linkage error constraint was added to the cost function, effectively reducing flux linkage ripple. Simulation results showed that, compared to traditional MPTC, the proposed simplified control strategy effectively reduced the number of MPTC travers
    Research on Sensorless Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on Single DC Bus Current Sampling
    HUANG Linglin, WANG Shuang, LI Zhiwei
    2024,51(9):51-59, DOI: 10.12177/emca.2024.086
    [Abstract] (52) [HTML] (0) [PDF 558.52 K] (367)
    Abstract:
    Traditional field oriented control method requires multiple phase current sensors and position sensors, leading to high system costs, large size, and reduced reliability. To address this issue, a sensorless control strategy for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) based on single DC bus current sampling was proposed. To solve the problem of current reconstruction blind zones in conventional single DC bus sampling schemes, a vector phase-shifted method was introduced. Additionally, a high-frequency square-wave injection control strategy was proposed to tackle the sensorless control challenges of PMSM at low speeds. Finally, a simulation model was built on the Matlab/Simulink platform to verify the theoretical analysis. The simulation results showed that the proposed strategy effectively solved the blind zone problem in the low modulation ratio region and sector boundaries, enabling sensorless low-speed operation of the PMSM.
    GIS Discharge Fault Diagnosis Based on Wavelet Packet Singular Spectral Entropy and WOA-SVM
    ZANG Xu, GONG Zhengpeng, YU Wenshuai, ZHANG Tianjin, YANG Song, LI Chengying
    2024,51(9):60-69, DOI: 10.12177/emca.2024.093
    [Abstract] (27) [HTML] (0) [PDF 595.53 K] (298)
    Abstract:
    To achieve fault diagnosis of gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) and improve diagnostic accuracy, this paper proposed a GIS discharge fault diagnosis method based on wavelet packet singular spectrum entropy and whale optimization algorithm optimized support vector machine (WOA-SVM). First, the wavelet packet singular spectrum entropy of the ultra-high frequency signals during GIS discharge was extracted as feature vectors. Then, WOA was used to find the optimal parameters for SVM, establishing an accurate classification model. Finally, experiments simulating typical GIS discharge faults were conducted, and three algorithms-SVM with grid search parameters, SVM with particle swarm optimization, and the proposed WOA\|SVM\|were applied to identify GIS discharge fault types. The results showed that the proposed WOA-SVM algorithm achieved higher fault identification accuracy, better fitness, and faster convergence.
    Optimized Rotor Design for Permanent Magnet Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Motor with Low Torque Ripple
    FENG Wei, GUO Kaikai
    2024,51(9):70-79, DOI: 10.12177/emca.2024.090
    [Abstract] (52) [HTML] (0) [PDF 603.54 K] (656)
    Abstract:
    To address the issue of high torque ripple in permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMA-SynRM), a multi-objective optimization design method based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) was proposed. First, the basic structure and working principle of the PMA-SynRM were introduced. Next, the rotor structure of the PMA-SynRM was improved by constructing air barriers and designing asymmetric auxiliary slots. Then, sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify the parameters that had the most significant impact on the optimization objectives of the PMA-SynRM, and multi-objective optimization was performed using NSGA-II. The optimal topology was selected from the generated Pareto front. Finally, the torque performance of the optimized motor was compared with that of the initial motor using finite element analysis software. Simulation results showed that the performance of the PMA-SynRM optimized through NSGA-II was significantly improved.
    Finite Element Analysis of the Temperature Field of a Six-Phase Transverse Magnetic Field Flux Switching Linear Magnetic Suspension Motor
    ZHANG Le, LAN Yipeng
    2024,51(9):80-89, DOI: 10.12177/emca.2024.083
    [Abstract] (68) [HTML] (0) [PDF 547.79 K] (337)
    Abstract:
    This study focused on the six-phase transverse magnetic field flux switching linear magnetic suspension motor (SPTMFFSLMSM) used in rail transit. The armature windings, excitation windings, and permanent magnets are all located on the mover iron core, enabling the motor to achieve traction, levitation, and guidance simultaneously. Due to the unique structure of the SPTMFFSLMSM, heat dissipation is challenging, which can lead to significant temperature rise and negatively affect the motor′s operating characteristics. To address the issue of severe temperature rise in the mover iron core, a cooling system was designed to ensure normal motor operation. First, a three-dimensional steady-state temperature field mathematical model was established based on the motor′s structure, and the boundary conditions were derived. Then, the thermal parameters of various materials inside the motor were determined, and the motor′s heat sources and losses were analyzed, with the corresponding heat generation rates calculated. Finally, the motor′s temperature field was analyzed using a three-dimensional finite element method under both natural cooling and forced water cooling conditions, and the temperature distributions of the two cooling methods were compared. The results showed that the water cooling system effectively reduced the temperature of the mover iron core, verifying the effectiveness and feasibility of the designed cooling system.
    Circumferentially Staggered Switched Reluctance Motor and Its Direct Instantaneous Torque Control
    ZHOU Yunhong, LIU Chenyu, LI Hanjie, CHEN Ze’nan, , TAN Zhengyi
    2024,51(9):90-102, DOI: 10.12177/emca.2024.089
    [Abstract] (26) [HTML] (0) [PDF 728.59 K] (279)
    Abstract:
    The traditional switched reluctance motor (SRM) experiences significant torque ripple due to its doubly salient stator-rotor core structure and switched power supply mode. To address this issue, a novel low-torque-ripple circumferentially staggered SRM was proposed. This paper introduced the operating mechanism of the motor structure and analyzed the inductance characteristics of the windings and torque output. The motor adopted an inner-outer double stator structure, where the rotor was equipped with both inner and outer salient poles. The inner and outer stator cores, as well as the rotor′s inner and outer salient poles, were staggered at a certain angle. Auxiliary windings are wound on the inner stator poles to provide auxiliary torque during the commutation of the main windings, compensating for the torque drop and thus reducing torque ripple. By utilizing field-circuit coupling co-simulation, direct instantaneous torque control systems for both the traditional SRM and the circumferentially staggered SRM
    Research on PMSM Speed Control Based on Improved Super-Twisting Sliding Mode Linear Active Disturbance Rejection
    MA Yuxin, LEI Ziqi, GU Pingping, ZHANG Wei, QIN Haihong, ZHAO Chaohui
    2024,51(9):103-112, DOI: 10.12177/emca.2024.082
    [Abstract] (57) [HTML] (0) [PDF 577.71 K] (398)
    Abstract:
    To improve the dynamic response and disturbance rejection property of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) speed regulation system, an improved super-twisting sliding mode linear active disturbance rejection control (STSM-LADRC) strategy was proposed. This strategy optimized the linear extended state observer (LESO) and linear state error feedback (LSEF) control law in LADRC using the sliding mode variable structure principle. First, the STSM-LESO was designed, where the STSM control algorithm improves the LESO in LADRC, enhancing the observing property and thus the controller's disturbance rejection property. Second, the STSM control algorithm replaced the original LSEF control law, improving the controller's dynamic response property. The hyperbolic tangent function was used instead of the sign function in the STSM algorithm to further reduce inherent sliding mode chattering and enhance system stability. The proposed control strategy was then analyzed for stability using Lyapunov theory. Finally, s
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    Impact on Critical Clearing Angle with DoublyFed InductionGenerator Connected to Power System
    ZHANG Xuejuan, WU Shuijun, SUN Shiyun, WANG Yang, ZHENG Xinyu, ZHAO Wei
    2019,46(9):85-94, 110, DOI:
    [Abstract] (487) [HTML] (0) [PDF 923.86 K] (14862)
    Abstract:
    The impact of largescale access of wind farms on the transient stability of power grids could not be ignored. Taking the extended twomachine system with doublyfed wind turbines as an example, the equivalent model of doublyfed induction generator was established, and the twomachine system could be equivalent to a singlemachine infinity system. Based on the law of equal area, the analytic formula of critical clearing angle of the system was deduced in detail after wind power accessed. The analytic formula was used to quantitatively analyze the variation trends of the critical clearing angle with wind power ratio, wind turbine grid connection position, fault location and load access position. The influence laws of the above four factors on the stability of transient power angle were summarized. The simulation models of the extended twomachine system with doublyfed induction generator was established in BPA and FASTEST, and the accuracy of the theoretical analysis was verified.
    Review of MultiMotor Synchronization Control
    HAN Renyin, GUO Yangkuan, ZHU Lianqing, HE Qing
    2017,44(6):8-12, DOI:
    [Abstract] (614) [HTML] (0) [PDF 484.50 K] (7627)
    Abstract:
    Multimotor synchronous and coordinate system was widely used in the field of motor control. The control strategy played a important role in the performance of multimotor synchronization system. Domestic and foreign scholars had conducted deep research, who aimed at the problem of multimotor synchronization.They put forward a variety of synchronization control strategies. The control strategies proposed at home and abroad were reviewed. The accuracy of tracking, robustness and capacity of antiload of the control object were analyzed. The new prospect of multimotor synchronization control was proposed.
    Review and Future Development of InWheel Motor Drive Technology
    LI Yong, XU Xing, SUN Xiaodong, JIANG Haobin, QU Yaping
    2017,44(6):1-7, 18, DOI:
    [Abstract] (430) [HTML] (0) [PDF 569.99 K] (5116)
    Abstract:
    Inwheel motor drive technology represents an essential development direction in new energy vehicle drive system. The technical requirements and drive form were introduced. The technical requirements and drive form of inwheel motor drive were summarized. Current research situation of inwheel motor drive technology was compared and analyzed briefly. The key technique problems of inwheel motor technology were proposed. The essential technologies in descreasing unsprung mass, restraining vertical vibration effect and reducing torque ripple of inwheel motor were discussed, which were supposed to be solved urgently. The development trend of inwheel motor drive technology was predicted.
    Robust Finite Control Set Model Predictive Current Control Algorithm for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
    ZHONG Zhuozhen, ZENG Yuenan, LUO Weiwei
    2020,47(3):17-22, DOI: 10.12177/emca.2019.172
    [Abstract] (889) [HTML] (0) [PDF 907.49 K] (3425)
    Abstract:
    In the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system, the system current inner loop controller based on the finite control set model predictive current control (FCS-MPCC) algorithm is affected by the variation of motor parameters. The prediction model of PMSM is derived. The cost function is reconstructed with the voltage vector as the constraint, and the current ripple problem caused by the digital delay is compensated. A robust FCS-MPCC algorithm is proposed, which reduces the sensitivity of the algorithm to the parameters by introducing weight coefficients and quantitative adjustments in the prediction model. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is effective and can make the system have good dynamic performance and steady state accuracy.

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